表现为动眼神经麻痹的垂体腺瘤卒中的诊治(附15例分析)

目的探讨垂体腺瘤卒中所致颅神经麻痹的手术疗效,提高术前诊断率。方法总结从2002年4月到2012年6月,15例合并动眼神经麻痹的垂体腺瘤患者的临床资料。男10例,女5例,年龄18~68岁,平均49.6岁;病程从6 d到7年;临床症状表现为头痛,视力下降,视野缺损,动眼神经麻痹,外展神经麻痹,垂体前叶功能低下等内分泌功能紊乱等;术前均行内分泌激素测定、垂体增强磁共振;所有患者均行经蝶入路手术切除垂体肿瘤。结果术后病理结果证实15例患者均存在垂体卒中,无手术死亡病例。术后动眼神经麻痹完全恢复9例,部分恢复3例,另外3例合并外展神经麻痹术后眼肌麻痹均未恢复。66.7%的患者视力改善(6/9),83.3%的视野缺损术后改善(5/6)。所有患者均获随访,平均随访时间12.4个月(6个月至2年)。结论垂体卒中合并动眼神经麻痹需尽快手术治疗,经蝶窦入路手术减压,肿瘤切除是治疗垂体卒中所致颅神经麻痹的安全有效的治疗方法。     

脑瘫高危儿不同时期干预的预后临床对比

目的探讨不同时间开始干预脑性瘫痪高危儿对预后的影响。方法根据干预时间的不同,将95例临床诊断为脑瘫高危儿分为早期干预组（48例）及晚期干预组（47例）;早期干预组在新生儿期即接受系统干预,晚期干预组在6个月以后进行干预,并在6、9、12、18月龄时进行运动发育和智力测定。结果早期干预组平均智力发育指数（MDI）高于晚期干预组（P〈0.05）,早期干预组平均运动发育指数（PDI）高于晚期干预组,差异具有显著性（P〈0.01）。早期干预组脑瘫、智能低下发生例数明显低于晚期干预组。结论对脑瘫高危儿尽早干预可改善其智力及运动发育,帮助他们早日康复,减少伤残。     

基于1584份病历的小儿脑瘫针刺选穴规律研究

目的:挖掘学龄前脑性瘫痪儿童的针刺治疗取穴规律。方法:基于西安中医脑病医院电子病历,通过结构化病历文本提取针刺治疗处方,利用古今医案云平台V2.2.3、中医临床有效处方及分子机理分析系统V2.0中数据挖掘工具对针刺处方进行聚类分析、复杂网络分析。结果:1584个脑瘫患儿针刺治疗处方中含84个腧穴(穴区),使用率最高的3个穴位分别是足运感区、平衡区、三阴交。经聚类分析发现常配合使用的5个穴组:委中、外关;手三里、行间、悬钟、承扶;足运感区、平衡区、三阴交;血海、丰隆;脾俞、运动区、阳陵泉。经复杂网络核心处方分析获取13个核心腧穴,包含足运感区、平衡区、三阴交3个主要核心穴和太冲、运动区、血海、肝俞、脾俞、阳陵泉、四神聪、百会、风池、肾俞10个次要核心穴。结论:学龄前脑瘫儿童的针刺核心处方表里同治、阴阳同调,头、体针并用,体现脑、瘫同治的原则。     

Development of a robotic walker for individuals with cerebral palsy

Abstract

Objective: This study describes the first use of a robotic walker in youth and young adults with cerebral palsy (CP) Gross Motor Function Classification (GMFCS) IV.

Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted before and after each robotic walker trial. Interviews were recorded, then transcribed and subjected to thematic analysis.

Results: Five participants (4 male, 13–22?years of age) with quadriplegia secondary to CP were recruited. Four individuals with mixed tone quadriplegia GMFCS IV were able to independently walk with the device. One individual with significant dyskinesia was unable to utilize the device. The assessment team included two physiotherapists, an occupational therapist, a physiatrist and three engineers. Major themes related to physical and social impacts were identified. Some physical advantages include the ability to walk hands-free and promotion of physical fitness. Examples of physical barriers include limited harness design and large device size. Social advantages include increased independence and peer engagement. Finally, a social disadvantage identified was limited use on uneven terrains.

Discussion: Suggestions for modifications for identified challenges and disadvantages include decreasing the size of the robotic walker, more harness designs, decreasing the force required to take an initial step, adding a joy stick for user control and creating a more versatile base that can be used on different terrains such as ice or baseball fields.

Conclusion: Robotics holds great hope for individuals with CP where mobility options are limited. Physical and social advantages are evident. Recommendations for future improvement and studies of use in exercise and participation are provided.

• IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION

• As youth and young adults with cerebral palsy age, options for mobilization can become limited with challenges in placing them in a walking device due to size and numerous other physical limitations.

• A robotic walker with a built-in mechanical lift is available for individuals with cerebral palsy.

• This study was able to gather important information and recommendations to tailor a new robotic walker prototype specifically for individuals with cerebral palsy.

     

The Cerebral Palsy Kinematic Assessment Tool (CPKAT): feasibility testing of a new portable tool for the objective evaluation of upper limb kinematics in children with cerebral palsy in the non-laboratory setting

Purpose: Efficacy of treatment to improve upper-limb activity of children with cerebral palsy (CP) is typically evaluated outside clinical/laboratory environments through functional outcome measures (e.g. ABILHAND kids). This study evaluates CPKAT, a new portable laptop-based tool designed to objectively measure upper-limb kinematics in children with CP. Methods: Seven children with unilateral CP (2 females; mean age 10 years 2 months (SD 2 years 3 months), median age 9 years 6 months, range 6 years 5 months, MACS II–IV) were evaluated on copying, tracking and tracing tasks at their homes using CPKAT. CPKAT recorded parameters relating to spatiotemporal hand movement: path length, movement time, smoothness, path accuracy and root mean square error. The Wilcoxon signed ranks test explored whether CPKAT could detect differences between the affected and less-affected limb. Results: CPKAT detected intra-limb differences for movement time and smoothness (aiming), and path length (tracing). No intra-limb tracking differences were found, as hypothesised. These findings are consistent with other studies showing that movements of the impaired upper limb in unilateral CP are slower and less smooth. Conclusion: CPKAT provides a potential solution for home-based assessment of upper limb kinematics in children with CP to supplement other measures and assess functional intervention outcomes. Further validation is required.

• Implications for Rehabilitation

• This paper demonstrates the feasibility of evaluating upper limb kinematics in home using CPKAT, a portable laptop-based evaluation tool.

• We found that CPKAT is easy to set-up and use in home environments and yields useful kinematic measures of upper limb function.

• CPKAT can complement less responsive patient reported or subjectively evaluated functional measures for a more complete evaluation of children with cerebral palsy.

• Thus, CPKAT can help guide a multi-disciplinary team to more effective intervention and rehabilitation for children with cerebral palsy.

     

Feasibility of school-based computer-assisted robotic gaming technology for upper limb rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy

Introduction: We investigated the feasibility of using computer-assisted arm rehabilitation (CAAR) computer games in schools. Outcomes were children's preference for single player or dual player mode, and changes in arm activity and kinematics. Method: Nine boys and two girls with cerebral palsy (6–12 years, mean 9 years) played assistive technology computer games in single-user mode or with school friends in an AB–BA design. Preference was determined by recording the time spent playing each mode and by qualitative feedback. We used the ABILHAND-kids and Canadian Occupational Performance Measure to evaluate activity limitation, and a portable laptop-based device to capture arm kinematics. Results: No difference was recorded between single-user and dual-user modes (median daily use 9.27 versus 11.2?min, p?=?0.214). Children reported dual-user mode was preferable. There were no changes in activity limitation (ABILHAND-kids, p?=?0.424; COPM, p?=?0.484) but we found significant improvements in hand speed (p?=?0.028), smoothness (p?=?0.005) and accuracy (p?=?0.007). Conclusion: School timetables prohibit extensive use of rehabilitation technology but there is potential for its short-term use to supplement a rehabilitation program. The restricted access to the rehabilitation games was sufficient to improve arm kinematics but not arm activity.

• Implications for Rehabilitation

• School premises and teaching staff present no obstacles to the installation of rehabilitation gaming technology.

• Twelve minutes per day is the average amount of time that the school time table permits children to use rehabilitation gaming equipment (without disruption to academic attendance).

• The use of rehabilitation gaming technology for an average of 12 minutes daily does not appear to benefit children's functional performance, but there are improvements in the kinematics of children's upper limb.

     

益肾通痹汤结合针刺治疗小儿脑瘫临床疗效及对肌张力及脑血流的影响

目的观察益肾通痹汤结合针刺治疗小儿脑瘫的临床疗效及对患儿肌张力及脑血流的影响。方法选择脑瘫患儿(肝肾亏虚症)100例,根据Excel随机表格法将患者分为研究组和对照组,每组50例。对照组患者采用常规功能训练治疗,研究组在对照组治疗的基础上,加用益肾通痹汤结合针刺治疗,共治疗3个月。比较两组治疗前后MAS评分、CSI指数评分、脑血流灌注指标、关节活动度和治疗疗效。结果研究组治疗后MAS评分低于对照组(P<0.05);研究组治疗后CSI指数评分低于对照组(P<0.05);研究组治疗后VP较对照组升高,RI值较对照组降低(P<0.05);研究组治疗后内收肌角、腘窝角活动度均高于对照组,足背屈角活动度低于对照组(P<0.05);研究组治疗总有效率为94.00%(47/50)高于对照组治疗总有效率的80.00%(40/50)(P<0.05)。结论益肾通痹汤结合针刺可降低脑瘫患儿的肌张力,改善患儿的痉挛状态,增加脑组织血流循环,提高关节活动度,提高整体治疗效果,该治疗模式具有临床推广价值。     

基于聚类分析和关联分析的脑性瘫痪中药用药规律研究

目的 分析中药治疗脑性瘫痪的用药规律,为临床用药提供参考依据.方法 检索中国知网、万方、维普、Pubmed、Web of science、Cochrane library等数据库,分别筛选中药内服、外用治疗脑性瘫痪的临床研究类文章,对内服、外用中药分别从使用频次、功效、药性和药味、归经等方面进行统计,并对高频中药进行聚类分析和关联分析.结果 纳入文献205篇,涉及方剂206首,用法分为内服、外用2种.内服中药79首,四君子汤出现频次最多,147味中药纳入统计,使用频次较高的中药为当归、黄芪、茯苓、益智仁、川芎.外用中药方剂126首,108味中药纳入统计,使用频次最高的中药为伸筋草、透骨草、当归、红花、牛膝.内服中药中补虚药所占比例最大,为24.5％,外用中药中祛风湿药所占比例最大,为21.3％.内服及外用中药均以药性为温性者最多,分别占42.9％和46.3％.内服中药中出现频次较高的药物分别是甘味、辛味、苦味,外用中药中出现频次较高的药物分别是辛味、苦味、甘味.内服和外用中药均以归肝经、肾经、脾经为主.对高频药物进行关联分析和聚类分析,高频内服中药得出10对高频药物组合,高频外用中药得出10对高频药物组合.高频内服中药和外用中药均可形成3个聚类方.结论 使用中药治疗脑性瘫痪时,内服中药多用补虚、祛风湿、解表类药物,外用中药则以祛风湿、补虚及活血化瘀药为主.高频中药关联分析和聚类分析的结果,可为临床用药提供一定的参考依据.     

Tideglusib reduces progression of brain atrophy in progressive supranuclear palsy in a randomized trial

It is believed that glycogen synthase kinase‐3 hyperphosphorylates tau protein in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). The Tau Restoration on PSP (TAUROS) trial assessed the glycogen synthase kinase‐3 inhibitor tideglusib as potential treatment. For the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) substudy reported here, we assessed the progression of brain atrophy. TAUROS was a multinational, phase 2, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial in patients with mild‐to‐moderate PSP who were treated with oral tideglusib (600 mg or 800 mg daily) or with placebo for 1 year. A subset of patients underwent baseline and 52‐week MRI. Automated, observer‐independent, atlas‐based, and mask‐based volumetry was done on high‐resolution, T1‐weighted, three‐dimensional data. For primary outcomes, progression of atrophy was compared both globally (brain, cerebrum) and regionally (third ventricle, midbrain, pons) between the active and placebo groups (Bonferroni correction). For secondary outcomes, 15 additional brain structures were explored (Benjamini & Yekutieli correction). In total, MRIs from 37 patient were studied (placebo group, N = 9; tideglusib 600 mg group, N = 19; tideglusib 800 mg group, N = 9). The groups compared well in their demographic characteristics. Clinical results showed no effect of tideglusib over placebo. Progression of atrophy was significantly lower in the active group than in the placebo group for the brain (mean ± standard error of the mean: ?1.3% ± 1.4% vs. ?3.1% ± 2.3%, respectively), cerebrum (?1.3% ± 1.5% vs. ?3.2% ± 2.1%, respectively), parietal lobe (?1.6% ± 1.9% vs. ?4.1% ± 3.0%, respectively), and occipital lobe (?0.3% ± 1.8% vs. ?2.7% ± 3.2%, respectively). A trend toward reduced atrophy also was observed in the frontal lobe, hippocampus, caudate nucleus, midbrain, and brainstem. In patients with PSP, tideglusib reduced the progression of atrophy in the whole brain, particularly in the parietal and occipital lobes. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society     

Reduced alpha‐synuclein in cerebrospinal fluid in synucleinopathies: Evidence from a meta‐analysis

Alpha‐synuclein plays a key role in the pathology of synucleinopathies including Parkinson's disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). However, whether alpha‐synuclein level in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) could distinguish synucleinopathies from progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is still a contentious issue. A comprehensive literature search yielded nine eligible studies. We expressed the between‐group difference of the concentration of alpha‐synuclein in CSF as the standardized mean difference. The proportion of variation attributable to heterogeneity was computed and expressed as I². Nine studies involved 537 controls, 843 PD, 130 MSA, and 98 PSP patients. The overall effect of PD on alpha‐synuclein in CSF was significantly different from normal control or disease control (standardized mean difference = –0.67, P < 0.00001). These studies were heterogeneous (I² = 40%). Alpha‐synuclein in CSF in MSA was significantly reduced relative to controls with heterogeneous studies (standardized mean difference = –0.75, P < 0.0001; I² = 62%). In contrast, no significant difference of alpha‐synuclein in CSF was observed between PSP and controls with heterogeneous studies (standardized mean difference = –0.28, P = 0.13; I² = 53%). Alpha‐synuclein in CSF was significantly reduced in synucleinopathies compared with PSP (“PD vs. PSP”: standardized mean difference = –0.38, P = 0.001; “MSA vs. PSP”: standardized mean difference = –0.66, P < 0.00001). The included studies were homogeneous (I² = 0%). Our study showed that alpha‐synuclein levels in CSF in synucleinopathies was significantly lower than in PSP. This finding provides insights into the pathophysiological difference between synucleinopathies and PSP as well as possibility of development of a tool for differential diagnosis between MSA and PSP using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and similar methods. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society